EMI test sites for radiated emission measurements in the 1 GHz to 18 GHz frequency range rely on free space conditions to minimize the influence of reflections on the received signal. Practically, this is achieved using shielded enclosures that are fully lined with RF absorbing material. Site validation determines the deviations from the free space conditions that are necessary to meet the acceptance criterion for performing EMI compliance measurements in a fully anechoic room. This application note covers two different approaches for showing compliance with the acceptance criterion.
Millimeter-wave systems considered for next generation commercial wireless require test instrumentation that keeps pace with the performance requirements of these systems. The purchase of signal analyzers with basic performance requires careful review of the analyzer’s performance specifications and a fundamental understanding of the challenges when making millimeter-wave measurements. This application note discusses recent advances in millimeter-wave signal analysis and instrumentation that are optimized for high performance and costs that are more in line with traditional microwave solutions.
The IEC 60601-1 states maximum requirements concerning the protection from electric shock for medical applications in which patients and operators can get into direct contact with electrical equipment and systems. This white paper shows how supplier know-how can contribute towards the development of IEC 60601-1-compliant electrical equipment and systems based on the example of the ODU plastic circular connector series ODU MEDI-SNAP®.
This download offers answers for commonly asked questions on antennas used in IoT applications, including what the proper grounding plane is for certain antennas, and why antenna length is important to reception.
This download offers five considerations for what antennas to select in new designs for IoT devices.
A phased-array antenna is made up of multiple individual radiating elements and each is fed with an RF signal controlled through phase shifters in such a way that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together to increase the radiation. The advantages inherent in phased-array systems will enable major new commercial applications, including 5G communications and automotive radar, to exploit the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. This white paper explores basic phased-array theory and the design considerations behind next-generation antenna systems, and examines the new capabilities recently added to electronic design automation (EDA) software such as the NI AWR Design Environment platform.
The need for affordable spectrum analyzer performance to monitor, manage, troubleshoot, and protect RF spectrum in the field has become a critical factor for success. This paper provides an overview of the most common spectrum monitoring applications, and a review of the key requirements used to determine which spectrum analyzer meets their objectives. Finally, the paper discuss how companies are extending their specialized applications with Signal Hound spectrum analyzers to address their unique requirements.
Antenna aperture tuning is essential to enable smartphones to operate efficiently over the ever-increasing range of RF frequency bands and support the transition to 5G. Smartphones need more antennas to support growing RF requirements such as new 5G bands, MIMO, and carrier aggregation (CA), but there is less space for these antennas due to changes in smartphone industrial design. As a result, antennas are becoming smaller, potentially reducing antenna efficiency and bandwidth. Aperture tuning compensates for this problem by allowing antennas to be tuned to operate efficiently on multiple bands and increasing Tx and Rx performance by 3 dB or more.
Those who produce IC products for demanding electromagnetic environments must take precautionary measures to test and pass all regulatory EMI and safety requirements. This white paper explores these standards and safety requirements and offers guidance for ensuring that IC products meet them.
AR’s emcware is a user-friendly, comprehensive electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test software package that includes automation routines for radiated immunity (RI), conducted immunity (CI), radiated emissions (RE), and conducted emissions (CE).
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