TEST & MEASUREMENT APPLICATION NOTES AND WHITE PAPERS

• An Introduction To Direction Finding Methodologies

  All direction finding methodologies are meant to determine the physical or geographical location of a source of radio frequency energy. The choice of an appropriate direction finding methodology to use for a given application is largely a function of the target signal's characteristics, such as frequency and modulation, but is also influenced by the propagation environment as well as cost and complexity.  Recent advances in the development of hybrid direction finding methodologies attempt to overcome some of these restrictions and increase accuracy by using a combination of methodologies.

• Reduce Risk With A Better Measurement Process

  Measurement risk is the probability of making an incorrect decision. Many quality standards require calibration to reduce measurement risk. This white paper explores calibration, how it mitigates risk, as well as different calibration deliverables that can reduce testing costs.

• Accurate Test Fixture Characterization And De-Embedding

  This application note provides practical hints to accurately characterize and de-embed these lead-in and lead-out structures with R&S Vector Network Analyzers ZNA, ZNB, ZNBT and ZND.

• Understanding Component EMC Testing for ICs

  If you're producing integrated circuit (IC) products for electromagnetic environments, you must test and pass all the regulatory electromagnetic interference (EMI) and safety requirements. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing is performed to ensure these components can be used in the intended environment without failing, degrading, or causing other equipment to fail.

• Linearity Of The JFET And MOSFET When In Saturation Over The Entire Cycle

  Performing RF amplification in a way that is simultaneously linear and efficient has been a challenge in power amplifier (PA) design. Single transistor PAs can either be operated in a linear, but inefficient, current source mode of operation or as efficient, but nonlinear, switches. These techniques use two FETs, but this paper demonstrates that linear amplification can be achieved at high power with an efficiency greater than 60%, using a single FET.