Optical modulators and detectors have been characterized and calibrated over the years, but less attention has been given to the optimization of converter measurement uncertainties in a practical user context. Since frequency dependencies of various error mechanisms are different, the wide bandwidths could require procedural changes for optimum results. This paper explores these characterization and calibration processes, as well as the net uncertainties, and their impact on example eye diagram generation.
The characterization of microwave networks requires discriminating between forward and backward traveling waves. Unfortunately no directional device is perfect, leading to potentially dramatic measurement errors. In this note we show that return loss and VSWR measurements are greatly complicated by the finite performance of the directional device used to measure the reflected power.
For several years, automobile makers and government agencies have sought ways to improve safety on roadways and effectively manage traffic flow. As wireless communication systems are advancing, the vision of automobiles talking to each other and to roadside units is becoming a reality.
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is an integral part of 3GPP E-UTRA long term evolution (LTE). As part of MIMO, beamforming is also used in LTE. This article provides a brief summary of the transmission modes in LTE and describes the beamforming measurements for base stations and user equipment.
At the beginning of 2015, around 1,200 satellites were fully operational in orbit around the planet, half of which were communication satellites. This number of satellites is expected to expand at a progressive rate within the next years. To have success in developing satellite projects, reliable testing needs to be done at each stage. This application note focuses on RF component and module testing of satellite communication payloads using R&S instruments at pre-launch levels.
From Anritsu, the inventor of the handheld spectrum analyzer first introduced in 1999, we are proud to introduce our first generation MS2760A Spectrum Master – Ultraportable Spectrum Analyzer. By utilizing Anritsu’s patented shockline non-linear transmission line (NLTL) technology, the MS2760A shatters the cost, size, and performance barriers associated with traditional large form factor instruments to more efficiently advance technology development.
These motion sensor modules are short range Doppler sensors that operate in the K band. They’re ideal for traffic radar systems, automatic door openers, dual mode security systems, and automatic production lines.
The MA24108A power sensor is designed to provide accurate average power measurements from 10 MHz to 8 GHz over 60 dB of dynamic range. The sensor employs a "dual path" architecture that provides (similar to thermal sensor) True-RMS measurements over the entire frequency and dynamic range, enabling users to make highly accurate average power measurements for CW, multi-tone, and digitally modulated signal up to 8 GHz. The sensors have internal and external triggering capability that facilitates individual slot power measurements of TDMA waveforms as well as burst power measurements of periodic and non-periodic waveforms.
The R&S SGS100A is an RF source designed to meet the requirements of automated test systems. It is available as a CW source or as a vector signal generator with an integrated I/Q modulator. With its frequency range of up to 6 GHz, the vector signal generation version covers the essential digital signals. The CW version, with a range of up to 12.75 GHz, can be used as a flexible local oscillator as well as for interference testing against mobile radio standards.
The IDS Aeronautical Division offers electromagnetic consultancy services covering a full range of prediction and measurement services such as antenna performance optimization, EMI and link budget assessment for simple and complex systems, and much more.
This fast-switching synthesizer operates in the 2500 MHz to 3000 MHz frequency range and is ideal for applications involving test and measurement equipment, simulator systems, or as a local oscillator in advanced radar receiver systems.
