TEST & MEASUREMENT APPLICATION NOTES AND WHITE PAPERS

• Characterization Of An Amplifier With The Combination Of Network And Spectrum Analysis

  The general characterization of complex DUTs such as amplifiers requires the measurement of several parameters. Thanks to its versatility, the R&S^® ZNL is an economic solution that can characterize a variety of DUTs both via network analysis and spectrum analysis.

• An Introduction To Direction Finding Methodologies

  All direction finding methodologies are meant to determine the physical or geographical location of a source of radio frequency energy. The choice of an appropriate direction finding methodology to use for a given application is largely a function of the target signal's characteristics, such as frequency and modulation, but is also influenced by the propagation environment as well as cost and complexity.  Recent advances in the development of hybrid direction finding methodologies attempt to overcome some of these restrictions and increase accuracy by using a combination of methodologies.

• How To Configure Generic Devices In R&S Elektra

  R&S ELEKTRA is able to communicate with many devices. Still, it is impossible to integrate drivers for all devices. Hence, R&S ELEKTRA offers the possibility to integrate any device by configuring a generic driver.

• Directivity And VSWR Measurements: Understanding Return Loss Measurements

  The characterization of microwave networks requires discriminating between forward and backward traveling waves. Unfortunately no directional device is perfect, leading to potentially dramatic measurement errors. In this note we show that return loss and VSWR measurements are greatly complicated by the finite performance of the directional device used to measure the reflected power.

• Ensuring Test Site Compliance for Radiated Emissions With Normalized Site Attenuation

  This application note provides a synopsis of Normalized Site Attenuation (NSA) and Reference Site Method measurements which indicate a challenging but important aspect of radiated emissions measurements on an OATS, SAC, or FAR.