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  • Doctors talking-GettyImages-600403420
    FDA Regulatory Consulting

    Our goal is to help your business succeed by working with you to streamline the FDA regulatory process. ProPharma’s team of science- based regulatory consultants commands an unparalleled breadth and depth of knowledge pertaining to FDA’s regulatory framework and can work with you to accomplish your business objectives.

  • Bayspec - T Series
    Optical Channel Performance Monitors (OCPM, OCM, OPM) – Thin

    BaySpec’s T-series thin optical channel performance monitor (OCPM) is an embedded, integrated spectral monitor delivering precise measurement and powerful processing capabilities to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications in an ultra-thin package size.

  • Phenomenex Phenogel
    Enhance Resolution For Polymer Analysis Using Non-Aqueous GPC/SEC

    Phenogel™ Organic GPC/SEC Columns

    Enhance Resolution for Polymer Analysis using Non-Aqueous GPC/SEC

    Phenogel™ size exclusion columns for gel permeation chromatography (GPC) are composed of highly cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene (SDVB) and achieve high resolution and tight linear calibration curves. Phenogel™ is available in seven different pore sizes, ranging from 50 Å to 106 Å; and a linear bed configuration. Pore size distribution and pore volume are closely controlled parameters in the manufacturing process accounting for the high resolution, tight linear calibration curves, and excellent column-to-column reproducibility. USP L21 packings available.

    • 5 and 10 µm particle sizes
    • Narrow bore (4.6 mm ID) solvent-saver columns available
    • Highly cross-linked for mechanical and chemical stability
    • Temperature stable to 140 °C.
  • Data Integration GettyImages-1173280131
    Vision & System Integration

    Machine vision and deep learning solutions for life sciences manufacturing and packaging environments are a key investment to not only improve your efficiency and productivity, but also the quality and safety of your products.

  • Open-Restricted-Access-Barrier-System
    Open Restricted Access Barrier System (RABS) From Franz Ziel

    Open RABS as a housing for aseptic processes, e.g., filling, loading, and unloading of freeze dryers. Product protection is achieved by a barrier (oRABS housing with gloves) between the operator and the product.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.