RFICs

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  • Hull i-Dositecno Nasal Spray Filling Machine
    Pharmaceutical Nasal Spray Filling System

    For a nasal spray production fill-finish solution that offers unparalleled versatility, look no further! The Hull i-Dositecno BI and MI Nasal Spray Filling Machines simplify your manufacturing workflow to enable accurate and consistent rotary filling, stoppering and capping. With simple servo-driven motion-controlled design they can fill up to 50 or 200 units per minute (upm).

  • pSemi - CMOS switch
    UltraCMOS SP4T RF Switch: PE42447

    The PE42447 is an SP4T RF switch that supports a frequency range from 10 MHz to 8 GHz. It delivers extremely low insertion loss and high linearity with high input power handling.

  • Anritsu - XR75
    Pharmaceutical X-Ray Inspection System for Blister Packaging: XR75

    The XR75 Pharma X-ray is optimized for the quality control of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic products in thin opaque packaging materials that cannot be inspected manually or with visual systems.

  • GettyImages-1492337134 doctor notes
    Clinical Operations And Project Management

    Consider the benefits of an integrated operations and project management approach across all phases and regions.

  • S-Band GaN Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA): VSS3607
    S-Band GaN Solid State 1.3 kW Power Amplifier Module: VSS3607

    CPI EDB presents the VSS3607 GaN solid state power amplifier (SSPAs) operating in the S-band (2.7 – 2.9 GHz). These high efficiency, high power, compact amplifiers are easy to maintain, and are designed for use in air surveillance radar applications.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.