RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • FMS Automation Module
    Pharmaceutical Automated Sample Handling System For Headspace Testing

    This collaborative automated sample handler eliminates manual sample handling enabling testing of large sample sets and collection of statistically significant data, while freeing analyst’s time. The FMS Automation Module has a sample capacity of hundreds of vials and can complete headspace testing with a throughput as high as 300 samples per hour.

  • BE3
    Blister Packaging Equipment For Oral Solid Dose Operations: BE3

    At Körber, we have developed the Blister Expert (BE) so that you, as a pharmaceutical manufacturer, can deliver top quality in ever shorter production times. Thanks to its modular design, it covers a wide range of formats and can be quickly converted and cleaned. In short, a machine that adapts and meets all requirements.

  • trays ready to receive yours syringes
    Pharmaceutical Nest And Tray Handling Systems

    Protect your pharmaceutical products from any potential damage during their line transit. Integrate nests or trays into your line transport processes with our flexible, customizable options.

  • LAF Downflow Booths For Weighting and Sampling Powders
    LAF Downflow Booths For Weighing And Sampling Powders

    The LAF Downflow Booth provides product and personnel protection during the weighing or sampling of powdered substances through precise air circulation.

  • Mini Circuits - LVA
    6 - 18 GHz Low Phase Noise Amplifier: LVA-6183PN+

    The LVA-6183PN+ is a wideband, ultra-low phase noise MMIC amplifier perfect for use with low noise signal sources and in sensitive transceiver chains. 

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.