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    Medicinal And Synthetic Chemistry

    Explore the comprehensive support and expertise available for your drug discovery process.

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    Bridging The Gaps: Enhancing First And Last Mile Resilience

    Designed as a dedicated, short-range logistics service for the life sciences, Cryoshuttle reinforces chain of custody, ensures near real-time visibility, and preserves product integrity from start to finish.

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    4×4 Butler Matrix: KBM9100400

    The new KRYTAR 4×4 Butler Matrix uses KRYTAR’s high-performance 90- and 180-degree Hybrid Couplers providing super phase accuracy, amplitude imbalance, stability and repeatability.

  • GettyImages-139602926 labeling, packaging, pharma
    Packaging Software: OEE, EBR, Track And Trace

    Werum PAS-X Packaging optimizes efficiency, compliance, and transparency in your packaging line, combining OEE monitoring, electronic batch recording, and track & trace in a single scalable system.

  • 44V Motor Control & Drive SoC: PAC52400
    44V Motor Control & Drive SoC: PAC52400

    The PAC52400 is a low-cost, highly integrated SoC designed for motor control and general-purpose applications. It features a 32-bit microcontroller offering a compact and versatile solution for various applications.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.