RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • Laptop clinical trials iStock-653839742
    Getting Novel Therapies To Patients Everywhere

    From regulatory pathway selection to patient recruitment challenges to navigating the volume of data to collect and clean — a rare disease therapy requires an extraordinary amount of coordination.

  • Marki - MQH
    MMIC 40-110GHz Quadrature Hybrid: MQH-40110M2

    The MQH-40110M2 is a 40–110 GHz quadrature (90°) hybrid in our miniature M2-package enabling operation up to 110 GHz. 

  • lsl-replacements
    Optimize LSL Replacement Planning

    Confidently prioritize LSLs for your LCRI-compliant replacement strategy with data-driven, easy-to-use tools.

  • Leica K8 camera
    Scientific CMOS Camera K8

    For Life Science Imaging Applications and Analysis

    The K8 Scientific CMOS microscope camera offers a cutting-edge solution for the most challenging live-cell experiments. In an environment where sensitivity is everything, the K8 camera helps you capture more data* from your sample, thanks to a 95% quantum efficiency (QE) back-thinned CMOS sensor.

    The K8 allows you to capture razor-sharp THUNDER images even in extreme low light imaging conditions, helping you to realize the full potential of your system. The K8 camera’s combination of extremely low read noise, minimal sensor artifacts and high QE allows you to extract quantifiable data from your sample while exposing it to the minimum of phototoxicity.

  • unity-maintain
    Trimble Unity Maintain: Enterprise Asset Management System

    Increase efficiency and reduce costs when you optimally manage asset operation and maintenance.

WHITE PAPERS AND CASE STUDIES

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.