RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • waveguide_placeholder_image
    WR-15 High Directivity Waveguide Coupler, 20 dB, 50-75 GHz: C20-1500WG

    The C20-1500WG is a high-performance WR-15 waveguide directional coupler engineered for precision measurement and signal monitoring in millimeter-wave systems.

  • GettyImages-1339300422 CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy
    Immunotherapy Development

    Immunotherapy is an evolving and promising cancer treatment that works by stimulating the immune system. More biologically relevant human primary cells are now the chosen starting material for immunotherapy development. Historically, scientists routinely used immortalized cell lines in the research and development of therapies as they offer an inexpensive and stable platform. However, they are not fully representative of what is going on in vivo.

  • Samtec - Nitrowave
    High-Performance RF Microwave Cable Assemblies: Nitrowave Series

    Nitrowave RF coaxial cables offer improved stability with flexure over time. The coaxial structure is designed to meet the demands of aerospace, defense, datacom, and many other growing markets.

  • TITANITE
    TITANITE High Magnification Lens

    Introducing the TITANITE lens series, a groundbreaking innovation in light sheet microscopy designed for high magnification and an expansive field of view.

  • Videodrop Feature
    Measure The Size And Concentration Of Nanoparticles In Real Time

    Ideal tool for characterizing nanoparticles

    The Corning Videodrop utilizes the principles of interferometry in conjunction with microscopy to sense, detect, characterize, and track single nanoparticles in real time. The operation of this bioproduction analytical device is seamless thanks to its intuitive software interface and efficient sample handling protocol.

WHITE PAPERS AND CASE STUDIES

NEWS

ABOUT

 

About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.