RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • Marki - MMIQA-0626HPSM
    Integrated Drive GaAs MMIC IQ Mixer: MMIQA-0626HPSM

    The MMIQA-0626HPSM is a broadband IQ mixer with an integrated broadband LO driver amplifier that is ideal for IQ, single sideband, and image reject mixing applications with wide bandwidths.

  • 50 - 6000 MHz, 25 dBm Solid State High Power Amplifier: LNA70001

    This wideband Class AB GaN power amplifier delivers robust RF performance across an expansive frequency range from 50 MHz to 6 GHz, supporting applications that span commercial wireless systems, broadband communications, lab environments, and defense technologies.

  • GettyImages-1339300422 CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy
    Immunotherapy Development

    Immunotherapy is an evolving and promising cancer treatment that works by stimulating the immune system. More biologically relevant human primary cells are now the chosen starting material for immunotherapy development. Historically, scientists routinely used immortalized cell lines in the research and development of therapies as they offer an inexpensive and stable platform. However, they are not fully representative of what is going on in vivo.

  • GettyImages-1425605790 Life Sciences Training. Scientists Using A Computer In A Lab
    Qualified Person (QP) Services

    Providing around-the-clock support, enabled by at least two QPs per assignment, delivering full continuity, and reduced risk.

  • teledyne
    HiRel Semiconductors Releases Wideband 50 GHz RF Switch

    Teledyne HiRel Semiconductors has announced the release of the TDSW050A2T, a high-performance, rad-tolerant RF switch designed for demanding aerospace and defense applications.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.