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  • Isolated Antibody Drug Conjugates ADCs GettyImages-1438509824
    Antibody-Drug Conjugates

    Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are the emerging class of anti-cancer therapeutic drugs. ADCs combine an antibody capable of recognizing cancer cells and cytotoxic small-molecule drugs via cleavable or non-cleavable linkers, thereby transforming the 3-unit combination into a targeted therapeutic drug for cancer treatment. In recent years, ADCs have rapidly developed and there are not only more than 14 approved drugs on the market but also many investigational drugs undergoing clinical trials. Furthermore, ADCs have shown potential for treating various diseases beyond cancer, such as Autoimmune disorders, Infectious diseases, Inflammatory conditions and so on.  

  • CPI - PTXM9754
    Broadband Microwave Power Module: PTXM9754

    The PTXM9754 is an ultra compact modular microwave power module (MPM) with an integrated “super mini” travelling wave tube (TWT), a solid state preamplifier and an optimised high density switch mode power supply.

  • Bioquell IG-2
    Bioquell IG-2

    Reduce microbiological organisms on equipment, in transfer chambers, in filling line isolators and more with Ecolab’s Bioquell IG-2, a robust, fixed bio-decontamination system.

  • hydroconn
    HYDROCONN® Series III

    Geospace Technologies offers a complete line of AMI water meter connector cables, specifically designed and manufactured to meet the rugged requirements for in-pit, underwater applications. Geospace’s unique design ensures total moisture sealing for even the toughest underwater environments, yet they are easily re-entered for troubleshooting a transponder or for a meter swap-out.

  • Scientist-with-tablet-GettyImages-950594528
    Unlocking Pharmaceutical Success: From Idea To Reality

    In the pharmaceutical industry, every capsule and tablet begins with a concept. Transforming that idea into a tangible product requires an expert manufacturing partner. Natoli stands out as a leader in pharmaceutical equipment and services, providing a comprehensive journey from formulation to full-scale production.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.