RFICs

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  • mettler toledo safeline x-ray
    X-Ray Inspection Solutions For The Pharmaceutical Industry

    Pharmaceutical manufacturers face many challenges, from safeguarding brand reputation and protecting consumers' welfare to complying with legislative and regulatory standards.

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    ETQ Reliance®: The Leading Electronic Quality Management System (eQMS)

    A powerful and agile intuitive EQMS
    ETQ Reliance® is a leading-edge eQMS (Electronic Quality Management System) software designed to centralize and automate quality processes across enterprises.

  • GettyImages-1323467662 data, meeting, strategy
    Greenphire Clinical Finance Suite: Budgeting Benchmarking

    Generate accurate study budgets faster with the industry’s most contemporary fair market value (FMV) data for investigator grant costs based on real-world site costs.

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    Signal Management Services

    ProPharma has deep expertise across all signal detection and management activities, including validation, prioritization, and assessment using data from a wide range of sources that are relevant for signal detection for the individual product(s). We are also fully trained and experienced in the EudraVigilance Data Analysis System (EVDAS) functionality and can support MAHs to comply with their obligations for signal detection and management. We leverage our robust knowledge to select the most efficient and effective method(s) for each product that is compliant with legislative requirements.

  • PAX-mixers
    PAX Mixers

    The PAX Mixer design is based on rigorous scientific analysis of fluid mechanical principles to achieve rapid disinfectant blend time. The mixers are designed for energy efficiency and engineered for ease of installation.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.