RFICs
PRODUCTS
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![rs-smw200a]( "R&S® SMW200A")
The R&S®SMW200A is a versatile and powerful signal generator designed to meet the diverse performance and functionality requirements of modern testing applications.
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![3P Innovation - semi auto filler]( "Semi-Automated Pharmaceutical Capsule Filling System")
The semi-automated capsule filler is part of the Explore Range, offering the potential to simplify formulation by eliminating the need for additional ‘formulation for powder filling’ steps.
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![Natoli - NCF 45]( "Automatic Pharmaceutical Capsule Filling System: NCF-45")
The Natoli NCF-45 Capsule Filling Machine offers unmatched speed, precision, and versatility for efficient powder and pellet encapsulation, maximizing your production output and minimizing waste.
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![Human Immune System GettyImages-1201363459]( "Immune Challenge Models For Early Drug Development")
Inflammation is a primary pathogenic process in a wide range of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, oncology and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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![MKS Ophir - LightIR]( "LightIR MWIR f/3.6 Continuous Zoom Lenses")
The LightIR thermal imaging zoom lenses are lightweight, compact, and high-performance, designed for a range of reduced SWaP applications, including UAVs, aircraft vision systems, drones, and more.
WHITE PAPERS AND CASE STUDIES
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![Hach]( "Online Total Nitrogen Analysis Of Reverse Osmosis Reject Water Reduces Permit Compliance Expense By $350,000 Annually At Beverage Bottling Plant")
Online Total Nitrogen Analysis Of Reverse Osmosis Reject Water Reduces Permit Compliance Expense By $350,000 Annually At Beverage Bottling PlantLearn how a beverage plant cut its annual Reverse Osmosis reject water hauling volume by 50%. Real-time Total Nitrogen monitoring reduced compliance costs by $350,000 and eliminated discharge penalty risk.
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![Risk Management-GettyImages-665231256]( "Flexible Integrations To Reduce Risks And Increase Efficiencies")
Flexible Integrations To Reduce Risks And Increase EfficienciesLearn how a trial team kept the blind of central lab samples and patient treatment across a Phase III and extension trial, whilst optimizing the supply chain.
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![chennai-india]( "Disinfection For Drinking Water Plant In Chennai, India")
Disinfection For Drinking Water Plant In Chennai, IndiaThe Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) encountered significant challenges in treating high algae loads at its drinking water plant, which processes 1.5 million liters of water daily. The primary issue arose from the organic load in lake water, which, when treated with conventional chlorine disinfectants, resulted in harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs).
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![GettyImages-1087219142 Scientist Using Digital Tablet Computer In Manufacturing Laboratory]( "Multiple Fill Line Delivery Experience")
Multiple Fill Line Delivery ExperienceLearn how a multinational pharmaceutical company successfully implemented a global strategy for insulin cartridge filling, achieving seamless regulatory approval with zero deviations.
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![Optimized Stability Storage]( "Optimized Stability Storage")
Optimized Stability StorageA healthcare manufacturer facing space constraints and regulatory pressures outsourced their stability storage needs to another company, resulting in reduced costs and focus on core competencies.
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![GettyImages-1424609872 cardiopulmonary]( "Digital Outcome Measures Approved As Primary Endpoint In Cardiopulmonary Study")
Digital Outcome Measures Approved As Primary Endpoint In Cardiopulmonary StudyDiscover how a clinical development program was saved using objective, continuous digital outcome measures.
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![douglas-county]( "ATAD Provides Increased Capacity With No Odors")
ATAD Provides Increased Capacity With No OdorsFaced with persistent odor complaints and limited space, Douglas County Sewer District #1 in East Wenatchee, Washington, turned to the ThermAer second-generation Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion (ATAD) system to modernize its biosolids treatment.
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![GettyImages-1372091146 patient ipad]( "Breaking Barriers In ED Treatment: A 100% Recruitment Success!")
Breaking Barriers In ED Treatment: A 100% Recruitment Success!Discover how Palleos achieved full patient enrollment across four countries in record time in an Erectile Dysfunction study.
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![GettyImages-2036497698 clinical lab]( "Robust, Scalable Strategy For Monodisperse Nanosuspensions Of Poorly Soluble Drugs")
Robust, Scalable Strategy For Monodisperse Nanosuspensions Of Poorly Soluble DrugsBy tailoring the formulation strategy, selecting the appropriate excipients, and fine-tuning process conditions, see how our team was able to improve bioavailability and in vivo exposure.
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![Doctor Using Digital Tablet GettyImages-1530254515]( "How Vanguard Clinical Harnesses CDMS/EDC For Faster Results")
How Vanguard Clinical Harnesses CDMS/EDC For Faster ResultsUncover how this CRO was able to stay agile by choosing a CDMS/EDC partner that prioritized sponsor needs and streamlined operations to achieve top-tier results swiftly.
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![Pharmaceutical-Drug-Manufacturing-GettyImages-1405788565]( "Leverage Apps To Reduce Line Changeover Time From 14 Days To 3")
Leverage Apps To Reduce Line Changeover Time From 14 Days To 3A global biopharma leader modernized its complex equipment changeover process using an innovative platform to achieve faster execution, fewer errors, and greater visibility through digitized, validatable SOPs.
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![GettyImages-1152357186 data, AI]( "Data Key In Addressing Patient Recruitment Challenges")
Data Key In Addressing Patient Recruitment ChallengesExplore how a Phase II trial for extensive-stage and previously treated small cell lung cancer overcame recruitment challenges with a data-driven solution designed to surface protocol-matched patients.
NEWS
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Be Part of Photonics Future: CIOE 2025 Visitor Registration Live Now!4/9/2025
The 26th China International Optoelectronic Exposition (CIOE 2025) is set to take place from September 10–12, 2025, at the Shenzhen World Exhibition & Convention Center, spanning 240,000 square meters of exhibition space.
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Aircraft Toilets Could Flush Out Spread Of Global Superbugs8/18/2025
Wastewater from aircraft toilets could provide a critical warning system for the global spread of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) superbugs, a silent pandemic that threatens to kill more people than cancer by 2050.
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Evonik Partners With ST Pharm To Increase Its Offerings For RNA And Nucleic Acid Delivery1/8/2025
Evonik is partnering with ST Pharm, a company that manufactures active ingredients for gene therapy, to expand its RNA and nucleic acid therapeutic services.
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3-In-1 Orbital Thread Milling Cutters For New Thread Sizes1/14/2025
Following the successful introduction of the Thrill·tec TC645 Supreme orbital drill/thread mills for dimensions from M4 to M12 in 2023, Walter is now expanding its range to cover additional metric dimensions from M14 to M20 as well as their imperial equivalents.
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Stoichiometric Crystal Shows Promise In Quantum Memory7/7/2025
For over two decades, physicists have been working toward implementing quantum light storage—also known as quantum memory—in various matter systems.
ABOUT
About Nutrient Removal
Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.
As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.
The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.
Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.
Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.