RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • Curebase app ePRO- feature
    A Single Digital Experience Participants Will Love

    Experience higher data quality, retention and participant compliance by providing a truly engaging experience from data submission to reminders, appointment management, telemedicine and more -- from the phone, tablet, or desktop.

  • GettyImages-1180581753-scientists-lab-monitoring-computer-laboratory
    Lab Equipment Monitoring For The Modern Lab

    Ensuring the integrity of results and maintaining regulatory compliance are paramount concerns for any lab today, especially with increasingly complex laboratory processes. Cloud-based device management offers several advantages for laboratory equipment monitoring.

  • Solid State Switches
    Solid State Switches

    CPI EDB offers solid state switches designed for operation in UFH-band, L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band applications. With peak power handling ranging from 10 to 500 W, these switches are also capable of providing low loss with isolation up to 40 dB.

  • Samtec - Nitrowave
    High-Performance RF Microwave Cable Assemblies: Nitrowave Series

    Nitrowave RF coaxial cables offer improved stability with flexure over time. The coaxial structure is designed to meet the demands of aerospace, defense, datacom, and many other growing markets.

  • Tulip Image 2
    Manufacture High-Quality Products With Streamlined Compliance

    Manufacture high-quality products with streamlined compliance.

WHITE PAPERS AND CASE STUDIES

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ABOUT

 

About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.