RFICs

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  • Turbidity Plus
    Turbidity Sensors

    Turner Designs turbidity sensors provide accurate, stable measurements of suspended particulates in natural waters. With low power requirements and a compact design, they integrate easily into process control or field platforms. Rated to 200 meters, these sensors support sediment transport studies, water clarity monitoring, and coastal change research, delivering reliable turbidity data in real time.

  • Solid State Switches
    Solid State Switches

    CPI EDB offers solid state switches designed for operation in UFH-band, L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band applications. With peak power handling ranging from 10 to 500 W, these switches are also capable of providing low loss with isolation up to 40 dB.

  • Germfree - hatch
    Access Or Service Cleanroom Hatches

    Access or Service hatches range in size, shape and function. Some service hatches are fitted with an enclosure shell for housing devices, with these type of hatches the primary barrier is maintained, regardless if the hatch door is open or closed.

  • waveguide_placeholder_image
    WR-15 High Directivity Waveguide Coupler, 20 dB, 50-75 GHz: C20-1500WG

    The C20-1500WG is a high-performance WR-15 waveguide directional coupler engineered for precision measurement and signal monitoring in millimeter-wave systems.

  • GettyImages-1339300422 CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy
    Immunotherapy Development

    Immunotherapy is an evolving and promising cancer treatment that works by stimulating the immune system. More biologically relevant human primary cells are now the chosen starting material for immunotherapy development. Historically, scientists routinely used immortalized cell lines in the research and development of therapies as they offer an inexpensive and stable platform. However, they are not fully representative of what is going on in vivo.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.