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  • MKS Ophir - LightIR
    LightIR MWIR f/3.6 Continuous Zoom Lenses

    The LightIR thermal imaging zoom lenses are lightweight, compact, and high-performance, designed for a range of reduced SWaP applications, including UAVs, aircraft vision systems, drones, and more.

  • VSX3746
    X-Band 1.5 kW GaN High Power Solid State Power Amplifier: VSX3746

    The VSX3746 is a high-power X-band solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) that operates within the 9.0–10.0 GHz frequency range and delivers a nominal peak RF output of 1.5 kW, with a minimum of 1.2 kW.

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    Access Or Service Cleanroom Hatches

    Access or Service hatches range in size, shape and function. Some service hatches are fitted with an enclosure shell for housing devices, with these type of hatches the primary barrier is maintained, regardless if the hatch door is open or closed.

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    Highly Precise Large Optics

    Discover PG&O's expertise in precision polishing & coating for large format optics up to 30", delivering exceptional flatness & surface quality.

  • GettyImages-1394004470 ovarian cancer
    Oncology Consulting Solutions

    Access specialized data and expertise to help navigate all stages of product development and support your success in oncology.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.