RFICs

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    Analytical Testing Capabilities

    Committed to collaboration, Comprehensive Cell Solutions (CCS) combines the technology, expertise, and capacity you need to bring your novel cell therapies from discovery to commercialization.

  • Pfeiffer Feature
    Pharmaceutical Leak Testing Services

    Pharmaceutical leak testing is a crucial process for ensuring the safety and sterility of medical and drug packaging, particularly in applications such as CCIT Test Method Validations, pilot production runs, and small-scale production runs. While pharmaceutical manufacturers may not have the resources to invest in leak testing equipment or trained personnel, inadequate testing can have serious consequences. In this article, we will discuss the leak testing services offered by Pfeiffer Vacuum and how they can help manufacturers meet regulatory requirements and ensure the safety of their products.

  • Data Integration GettyImages-1173280131
    Vision & System Integration

    Machine vision and deep learning solutions for life sciences manufacturing and packaging environments are a key investment to not only improve your efficiency and productivity, but also the quality and safety of your products.

  • AMP20078
    1.0 - 6.0 GHz, 150 W Solid State High Power Amplifier: AMP20078

    The AMP20078 is a solid-state, high-power amplifier from Exodus Advanced Communication, purpose-built for EMI/RFI testing, laboratory work, continuous wave (CW), pulse, and communication applications across a broad frequency spectrum.

  • Medicine-pills-tablets-GettyImages-545993684
    Pharmaceutical Formulation Development

    Proper formulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is essential for achieving therapeutic efficacy, ensuring patient safety, maintaining product stability, optimizing pharmacokinetics, meeting regulatory requirements, and enhancing cost-effectiveness in pharmaceutical development.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.