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  • singota labeling solution
    Pharmaceutical Labeling And Kitting Services

    Discover agile labeling and packaging services for pharmaceuticals, specializing in custom designs, regulatory support, and small to medium batch production with quick turnaround times.

  • GettyImages-2155531148 electronic data, ePRO, eCOA
    eCOA / ePRO

    Empower participants, clinicians, and observers. Enable convenient and accurate outcome reporting, enhancing data quality and study efficiency with electronic patient reported outcomes (ePRO) and electronic clinical outcome assessments (eCOA).

  • AMM-10220PSM
    2 - 26 GHz GaAs Surface Mount LO Driver Amplifier: AMM-10220PSM

    The AMM-10220PSM is a versatile, high-performance surface-mount amplifier designed for use as either a single-tone driver or a general-purpose gain block across wideband applications.

  • HLM-40ABH_450x300
    High Power 40GHz Limiter: HLM-40ABH

    The HLM-40ABH is a high-power, wideband signal limiter designed for protection and performance in RF systems operating from DC up to 40 GHz.

  • PRI
    PRI-SC® Technology

    Sulfide odor control within sanitary sewers has been practiced for over 50 years, yet only recently have substantive advances been made. Where once the choice of chemical treatment was either chlorine or iron salts, safer and more environmentally benign technologies based on nitrates, hydrogen peroxide, and/or magnesium hydroxide have gained acceptance. These new alternatives, however, can increase treatment costs substantially and present limitations in themselves. Therefore, it makes sense to explore new avenues for lessening the adverse impacts of the older, cheaper mainstays, particularly iron salts (ferrous/ferric chloride or sulfate) that provide other benefits to wastewater treatment operations.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.