RFICs

PRODUCTS

  • teledyne
    HiRel Semiconductors Releases Wideband 50 GHz RF Switch

    Teledyne HiRel Semiconductors has announced the release of the TDSW050A2T, a high-performance, rad-tolerant RF switch designed for demanding aerospace and defense applications.

  • Europe iStock-490822468
    European Regulatory Development

    Scientific knowledge to strategize viable and efficient drug and device development pathways to achieve successful outcomes.

  • Marki - C10-2800WG
    WR-28 (26.5-40 GHz) 10dB High Directivity Coupler: C10-2800WG

    The C10-2800WG is a WR28 10dB waveguide coupler featuring high directivity over a 26.5-40GHz operational bandwidth.

  • bacometer
    Table-Top Bacteria Detector: Bacometer

    Analyzing bacteria concentrations without any pre-processing.

  • GettyImages-669121480-pill-tablet-capsule-OSD-oral-solid
    Compaction Simulation / Emulation

    Building on the capabilities of the NP-RD10A benchtop tablet press (discussed in our previous article on USP <1062>), our services are further enhanced by the integration of the Presster™ compaction emulator. This state-of-the-art tool is designed to replicate the compaction dynamics of production tablet presses in a laboratory setting. It allows for tangible fine-tuning of the compression cycle, providing an accurate depiction of how a tablting formulation will behave under commercial manufacturing conditions. Using the Presster, Natoli Scientific can simulate full-scale production, permitting us to forecast problems before they escalate to costly production delays. Our experts can optimize the tablet design for our clients, ensuring a smooth transition from laboratory to production while adhering to the rigorous standards set by the industry including the current USP <1062> chapter.

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About Nutrient Removal

Nutrient removal from wastewater consists of treating wastewater to remove nitrogen and phosphorus before it reenters natural waterways. High levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication, a process where excess nutrients stimulate excessive plant growth such as algal blooms and cyanobacteria. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up the oxygen in the water causing other organisms to die. This creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition, some algal blooms can produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program regulates point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, that discharge pollutants as effluent into the waters of the United States. In recent years, many of the States’ environmental bodies have lowered nutrient limits to arrest eutrophication. Maryland’s effort to protect the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries is perhaps the most notable example of nutrient removal in the US. Nutrient removal continues to be a growing area of focus for wastewater treatment throughout the world.   

The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus require different nutrient removal processes. To remove nitrogen, the nitrogen is oxidized from ammonia to become nitrate through a process called nitrification. This process is then followed by denitrification where the nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere and removed from the wastewater.

Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process which typically takes place in aeration tanks. Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological conditions to form. The activated sludge process is often used to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas in anoxic or denitrification tanks.

Phosphorus can be removed biologically using polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) which accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells and separate it from treated water. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical removal. Once removed as sludge, phosphorus may be stored in a land fill. However, many municipalities and treatment facilities are looking to resell the biosolids for use in fertilizer.