Application Note: Vector Network Analyzer Primer

A vector network analyzer is a much more powerful analyzer than a scalar network analyzer. The major difference is that a VNA adds the ability to measure phase as well as amplitude. With phase measurements comes scattering, or S-parameters, which are a shorthand method for identifying forward and reverse transmission and reflection characteristics. This article provides a summary description of the operation and capabilities of a vector network analyzer (VNA), including general considerations of front panel operation and measurement methods.