From The Editor | September 25, 2024

How 5G Changed Cables, Connectors, And Interconnect Solutions

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By John Oncea, Editor

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The rise of 5G is changing the way we use cables, connectors, and interconnect solutions. Here’s now.

In 5G networks, cables, connectors, and interconnect solutions are crucial for transmitting high-speed data. Specialized designs that can handle the increased frequencies and data demands are used to accomplish this.

These designs often employ compact, high-performance connectors like SMA and SMPM to facilitate connections between antennas, base stations, and other network components – all while ensuring minimal signal loss and interference at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. Furthermore, these solutions need to be robust and flexible to accommodate diverse deployment scenarios like cell towers and indoor applications.

Before we look at the impact 5G is having on cables, connectors, and interconnect solutions, let’s take a look at how they are combined to build a functional network.

A Quick Review

5G operates in higher frequency bands, particularly mmWave, requiring connectors designed to handle these frequencies with minimal signal degradation. Due to space constraints, connectors need to be small and densely packed, often utilizing designs like SMPM with smaller pitches. 

To minimize signal interference cables and connectors must have high-quality shielding to prevent crosstalk. Depending on the application, cables may need to be flexible and adaptable to different installation scenarios, including bundled cable solutions for antenna jumpers, notes Avnet. 

Several specialized connector types are used, including: 

  • SMA connectors: Commonly used for lower mmWave frequencies. 
  • SMPM connectors: Preferred for higher mmWave frequencies due to their compact size and low signal reflection. 
  • Custom designs: Manufacturers often develop unique connector solutions tailored to specific 5G applications. 

Applications of different types of 5G cables and connectors start with cell tower installations where high-performance cables and connectors connect antennas to the baseband unit. In indoor 5G networks, smaller, more flexible cables and connectors are used to connect devices within buildings. Finally, consider data center interconnects in which high-density cable assemblies with specialized connectors for high data throughput are chosen.

Some of the challenges in 5G cable and connector design are maintaining signal quality at high frequencies, especially over longer cable runs. Managing heat generated by high-power signals in dense connector configurations, and balancing performance requirements with production cost. 

Changes Abound

The deployment of 5G networks is driving significant changes in the use of cables, connectors, and interconnect solutions. These components play a crucial role in supporting the increased speed, coverage, and low latency requirements of 5G technology.

A key innovation for 5G infrastructure is the use of bundled cable solutions, according to Times Microwave Systems. These assemblies create flexible antenna jumpers for applications requiring multiple runs, which is common in 5G setups. The design typically involves:

  • Multiple flexible or ultra-flexible jumper cables
  • A spiral configuration under a common polyurethane outer jacket
  • A ripcord for easy installation

This bundled approach offers several advantages including improved appearance, reduced labor costs, enhanced ruggedness, and better UV resistance and weatherproofing.

Despite the shift toward fiber optics and integrated antennas, the demand for coaxial cables in 5G applications is increasing. Different types of coaxial cables are being used for various 5G requirements:

  • Low-PIM Cables: Carriers and integrators require coaxial jumpers with low Passive Intermodulation (PIM) for both macro and small cell installations.
  • High-Frequency Cables: For mmWave applications, specialized cables capable of handling higher frequencies are necessary.
  • Sub-6 GHz Cables: Many 5G systems still require quality interconnects for frequencies below 6 GHz, such as the LMR series of low-loss cables.

The choice of connectors for 5G applications, according to Connector Tips, depends on the frequency range and specific requirements:

  • M16 Connectors: These have become a go-to for 5G antennas, especially in cell tower applications.
  • AISG Connectors: Used for outdoor applications, these connectors meet specific standards for electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, and environmental conditions.

5G networks require a range of interconnect solutions to address various challenges:

  • High-Density Solutions: As 5G antennas shrink in size and increase in number, high-density interconnect solutions are needed to accommodate more connections in smaller spaces.
  • Weather-Resistant Designs: Given the outdoor deployment of many 5G small cells, interconnect solutions must be designed for proper weather sealing and UV resistance.
  • EMI Shielding: Optimized 360° EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) shielding is crucial for maintaining signal integrity in the dense 5G environment.
  • Power Connectors: The increased power demands of 5G infrastructure, particularly in data centers, require connectors that can efficiently deliver high power while minimizing thermal management issues.

The rollout of 5G is driving innovation in cables, connectors, and interconnect solutions. These components are being redesigned and optimized to meet the unique challenges of 5G networks, including higher frequencies, increased density, and more demanding environmental conditions. As 5G technology continues to evolve, we can expect further advancements in these critical infrastructure components.